Monday, March 29, 2010

What makes you 'Unique' may imply Your Clones may 'NOT' be 100% identical!

DNA of an organism determines its biological constitution (genotype), and physical appearances (phenotype). In other words, its our DNA that makes us unique, and in particular, its our "genes" which help in shaping our destiny in terms of the biological make up, and physical appearances!
Do you know that this genetic difference between me and you, is minuscule  - just about 0.025% or (1:4000). Imagine this could result in two completely different individuals!
According to scientists at Stanford University School of Medicine and Yale University, it may not be entirely these genetic differences that result in our 'uniqueness', a direction of many researches aiming to identify the genes that determine our individuality! Results from their research suggest that it is due to the sequences surrounding the genes (on our DNA) like DNA binding sites, transcription factors etc.. These sequences may be upstream or downstream w.r.t a gene's loci on the DNA, and control or regulate the translation of genes (code for proteins) on DNA, and making of proteins - vital molecules in several physiological processes which in tandem, keep us alive and functioning. These genomic differences in non-gene coding regions of DNA play a pivotal role in deciding our uniqueness, and making you YOU, and me ME! As a result, several scientific studies are now shifting their focus from discovering/identifying the genes but to a more broader regions of DNA.

Now, what about cloning? What happens if you were to clone yourself?
Having just the oligo-nucleotides for translation of genes to make proteins be enough? I guess not! Constructing a perfect (100% identical) clone, would require a nature's miracle. And, to get a nearly perfect gene, you will need a lot more than just genes! Keeping DNA polymerase (an enzyme acts as catalyst in DNA replication) happy, you would also need  identical transcription factors, and binding sites,... Due to some genomic catastrophic event like inversion or deletion or crossing of some section of chromosome, there may be some difference between sequences surrounding the genes on DNA. And, guess what the way they regulate genes may be altogether a different prospect, resulting in near to perfect clones only!

Source: http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2010/march/genes.html
Image Source: http://www.dnareplication.info/images/dnareplication.jpg


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